Thank you very much for the detailed explanation. I will take a closer look at it during my vacation. For more than 15 years, I have only been working with Windows when there is no other option (with customers and stubborn family members). Otherwise, I use Linux almost exclusively.
I have written ‘Bricks’, a Breakout clone, for zeptoforth on the PicoCalc with the RP2350 (which it requires because it uses hardware single-precision floating point). The controls are simply left and right-arrow to move the player, and q to exit. The game continues ad infinitum until q is pressed ─ if the ball hits the bottom of the screen it and the player are simply reset as if it were a new game (but the bricks stay as-is). At the start of the game and each time the ball and player are reset the user needs to press a key to continue. Note that as it uses key? and key to detect keypresses it relies upon key repeat to function, which can be a bit wonky.
Here is a screenshot of the game right after the ball and player have been reset:
The source code of the game is at zeptoforth/test/rp2350/picocalc_bricks.fs at master · tabemann/zeptoforth · GitHub.
The full source is as follows:
\ Copyright (c) 2026 Travis Bemann
\
\ Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
\ of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
\ in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
\ to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
\ copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
\ furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
\
\ The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
\ all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
\
\ THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
\ IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
\ FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
\ AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
\ LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
\ OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
\ SOFTWARE.
begin-module bricks
float32 import
picocalc-term import
tinymt32 import
pixmap8 import
pixmap8-utils import
st7365p-8-common import
begin-structure coord-size
field: coord-x
field: coord-y
end-structure
begin-structure delta-size
field: delta-x
field: delta-y
end-structure
begin-structure ball-size
coord-size +field ball-coord
delta-size +field ball-delta
field: ball-radius
field: ball-color
end-structure
begin-structure block-size
coord-size +field block-coord
field: block-width
field: block-height
field: block-color
field: block-active
end-structure
begin-structure player-size
coord-size +field player-coord
delta-size +field player-delta
field: player-width
field: player-height
field: player-color
end-structure
160e0 constant blocks-center-x
80e0 constant blocks-center-y
20e0 constant default-block-width
7.5e0 constant default-block-height
2e0 constant default-ball-radius
160e0 constant init-ball-x
160e0 constant init-ball-y
120e0 constant init-ball-speed
vpi 2e0 v/ constant init-ball-angle-range
60e0 constant default-player-width
7.5e0 constant default-player-height
160e0 constant init-player-x
300e0 constant init-player-y
16 constant horiz-block-count
8 constant vert-block-count
horiz-block-count vert-block-count * constant block-count
begin-structure world-size
ball-size +field world-ball
block-size block-count * +field world-blocks
player-size +field world-player
tinymt32-size +field world-prng
field: world-last-tick
field: world-tick
end-structure
: rnd ( world -- v )
world-prng tinymt32-generate-uint32 0 f64>v
;
: interval ( world -- v )
dup world-tick @ swap world-last-tick @ - u>v 10000e0 v/
;
: convert-angle ( n -- n' ) 255 * 60 / ;
: angle-color { angle -- rgb8 }
angle 60 < if
255 angle convert-angle 0
else
angle 120 < if
120 angle - convert-angle 255 0
else
angle 180 < if
0 255 angle 120 - convert-angle
else
angle 240 < if
0 240 angle - convert-angle 255
else
angle 300 < if
angle 240 - convert-angle 0 255
else
255 0 360 angle - convert-angle
then
then
then
then
then
rgb8
;
: rnd-color ( world -- rgb8 )
rnd 360e0 v* v>n angle-color
;
: init-block { x y world block -- }
horiz-block-count 1- n>v default-block-width v* 2e0 v/
blocks-center-x swap v-
default-block-width x n>v v* v+
block block-coord coord-x !
vert-block-count 1- n>v default-block-height v* 2e0 v/
blocks-center-y swap v-
default-block-height y n>v v* v+
block block-coord coord-y !
default-block-width block block-width !
default-block-height block block-height !
world rnd-color block block-color !
true block block-active !
;
: init-blocks { world -- }
vert-block-count 0 ?do
horiz-block-count 0 ?do
i j world j horiz-block-count * i + block-size *
world world-blocks + init-block
loop
loop
;
: init-ball { world ball -- }
init-ball-x ball ball-coord coord-x !
init-ball-y ball ball-coord coord-y !
default-ball-radius ball ball-radius !
vpi 2e0 v/ init-ball-angle-range 2e0 v/ v-
init-ball-angle-range world rnd v* v+ { angle }
angle vcos init-ball-speed v* ball ball-delta delta-x !
angle vsin init-ball-speed v* ball ball-delta delta-y !
world rnd-color ball ball-color !
;
: init-player { world player -- }
init-player-x player player-coord coord-x !
init-player-y player player-coord coord-y !
0e0 player player-delta delta-x !
0e0 player player-delta delta-y !
default-player-width player player-width !
default-player-height player player-height !
world rnd-color player player-color !
;
: init-prng { prng -- }
rng::random prng tinymt32-init
prng tinymt32-prepare-example
;
: init-world { world -- }
systick::systick-counter dup world world-tick !
world world-last-tick !
world world-prng init-prng
world init-blocks
world dup world-ball init-ball
world dup world-player init-player
;
0 0 0 rgb8 constant erase-color
: draw-rect { erase? color x y width height display -- }
width 2e0 v/ { width2/ }
height 2e0 v/ { height2/ }
x width2/ v- vround-zero v>n { x0 }
y height2/ v- vround-zero v>n { y0 }
erase? if erase-color else color then
x0 y0
width 0.5e0 v+ vround-zero v>n
height 0.5e0 v+ vround-zero v>n
display draw-rect-const
;
: draw-block { erase? display block -- }
erase? block block-color @
block block-coord coord-x @
block block-coord coord-y @
block block-width @
block block-height @
display draw-rect
;
: draw-player { erase? display player -- }
erase? player player-color @
player player-coord coord-x @
player player-coord coord-y @
player player-width @
player player-height @
display draw-rect
;
: draw-circle { erase? color x y radius display -- }
erase? if erase-color else color then
x v>n y v>n radius v>n display draw-filled-circle
;
: draw-ball { erase? display ball -- }
erase? ball ball-color @
ball ball-coord coord-x @
ball ball-coord coord-y @
ball ball-radius @
display draw-circle
;
: draw-world { display world -- }
display clear-pixmap
horiz-block-count vert-block-count * 0 ?do
false display i block-size * world world-blocks +
draw-block
loop
false display world world-player draw-player
false display world world-ball draw-ball
;
: collide-rect { time x y width height ball -- collide? }
ball ball-coord coord-x @ { bx }
ball ball-coord coord-y @ { by }
ball ball-delta delta-x @ { bdx }
ball ball-delta delta-y @ { bdy }
ball ball-radius @ { radius }
bx bdx time v* v+ { bx' }
by bdy time v* v+ { by' }
width 2e0 v/ { width2/ }
height 2e0 v/ { height2/ }
x width2/ v- radius v- { x0 }
y height2/ v- radius v- { y0 }
x width2/ v+ radius v+ { x1 }
y height2/ v+ radius v+ { y1 }
bx x0 v< bx' x0 v>= and
bx x1 v> bx' x1 v<= and or
bx' x0 v>= bx' x1 v<= and or
by y0 v< by' y0 v>= and
by y1 v> by' y1 v<= and or
by' y0 v>= by' y1 v<= and or and dup if
bx x0 v<= bx' x0 v>= and if
bdx vabs vnegate ball ball-delta delta-x !
x0 ball ball-coord coord-x !
then
bx x1 v>= bx' x1 v<= and if
bdx vabs ball ball-delta delta-x !
x1 ball ball-coord coord-x !
then
by y0 v<= by' y0 v>= and if
bdy vabs vnegate ball ball-delta delta-y !
y0 ball ball-coord coord-y !
then
by y1 v>= by' y1 v<= and if
bdy vabs ball ball-delta delta-y !
y1 ball ball-coord coord-y !
then
then
;
: collide-block { time display ball block -- }
block block-active @ if
time
block block-coord coord-x @
block block-coord coord-y @
block block-width @
block block-height @
ball collide-rect if
false block block-active !
true display block draw-block
then
then
;
: collide-blocks { time display ball world -- }
horiz-block-count vert-block-count * 0 ?do
time display ball
i block-size * world world-blocks + collide-block
loop
;
0.5e0 constant collide-player-fract
: collide-player { time ball player -- }
time
player player-coord coord-x @
player player-coord coord-y @
player player-width @
player player-height @
ball collide-rect if
player player-delta delta-x @ collide-player-fract v*
ball ball-delta delta-x @ v+
ball ball-delta delta-x !
then
;
: collide-wall { time ball -- bottom? }
ball ball-coord coord-x @ { bx }
ball ball-coord coord-y @ { by }
ball ball-delta delta-x @ { bdx }
ball ball-delta delta-y @ { bdy }
ball ball-radius @ { radius }
bx bdx time v* v+ { bx' }
by bdy time v* v+ { by' }
term-pixels-dim@ n>v swap n>v { height width }
bx' width radius v- v>= if
bdx vabs vnegate ball ball-delta delta-x !
then
bx' radius v<= if
bdx vabs ball ball-delta delta-x !
then
by' radius v<= if
bdy vabs ball ball-delta delta-y !
then
by' height v>=
;
: +delta! { time delta coord -- }
delta delta-x @ time v* coord coord-x @ v+ coord coord-x !
delta delta-y @ time v* coord coord-y @ v+ coord coord-y !
;
: move-ball { time ball -- }
time ball ball-delta ball ball-coord +delta!
;
0.0625e0 constant friction0
1e0 64e0 v/ constant friction1
: apply-friction { time player -- }
friction0 time v** friction1 time v** v* { friction' }
player player-delta delta-x @ friction' v*
player player-delta delta-x !
;
: move-player { time player -- }
time player player-delta player player-coord +delta!
player player-width @ 2e0 v/ { width2/ }
player player-coord coord-x @ { x }
term-pixels-dim@ drop n>v { width' }
x width2/ v<= dup if
width2/ player player-coord coord-x !
then
x width' width2/ v- v>= dup if
width' width2/ v- player player-coord coord-x !
then
or if
0e0 player player-delta delta-x !
then
;
: update { display world -- died? }
world interval { time }
true display world world-ball draw-ball
true display world world-player draw-player
time display world world-ball world collide-blocks
time world world-ball world world-player collide-player
time world world-ball collide-wall dup if
world dup world-ball init-ball
world dup world-player init-player
else
time world world-ball move-ball
time world world-player apply-friction
time world world-player move-player
then
false display world world-ball draw-ball
false display world world-player draw-player
;
240e0 constant accel
640e0 constant max-speed
: accel-left { time player -- }
player player-delta delta-x @ accel ( time v* ) v-
max-speed vnegate vmax
player player-delta delta-x !
;
: accel-right { time player -- }
player player-delta delta-x @ accel ( time v* ) v+
max-speed vmin
player player-delta delta-x !
;
: reset-tick { world }
systick::systick-counter dup world world-tick !
world world-last-tick !
;
: run-game ( -- )
page
world-size [: { world }
world init-world
world [: { world display }
display world draw-world
display update-display
;] with-term-display
begin key? until
key [char] q = if exit then
world reset-tick
begin
world [: { world display }
display world update
display update-display
;] with-term-display
if
begin key? until
key [char] q = if exit then
world reset-tick
else
key? if
key case
$1B of
key? if
key case
[char] [ of
key? if
key case
[char] D of
world interval
world world-player accel-left
endof
[char] C of
world interval
world world-player accel-right
endof
endcase
then
endof
endcase
then
endof
[char] q of
exit
endof
endcase
then
world world-tick @ world world-last-tick !
systick::systick-counter world world-tick !
then
again
;] with-aligned-allot
;
end-module
2 Likes
A Mandelbrot set drawing app, written in Zeptoforth. It uses both of the cores in RP3250, and runs under less than 1 sec.
begin-module mand
\ Mandelbrot set
float32 import
picocalc-term-common import
picocalc-term import
oo import
pixmap8 import
task import
timer import
st7365p-8-common import
320 Constant W
300 Constant H
32 Constant MAX_ITER
variable pix W H * allot
<pixmap8> class-size buffer: mypix8
variable colors MAX_ITER allot
variable done0
variable done1
: initcolors
256 MAX_ITER / { n }
MAX_ITER 0 do
i n * dup dup rgb8 colors i + c!
loop
;
: storepix { c x y }
c 2 * pix y W * x + + c! ;
: drawpix
[: { c x y display }
colors c + c@ x y display draw-pixel-const
;] with-term-display
;
: upd
[: { display }
display update-display
;] with-term-display
;
: upd1
[: { display }
0 0 0 0 w h
mypix8 display draw-rect
;] with-term-display
upd
;
: mandel { X_MIN X_MAX Y_MIN Y_MAX p }
{ fzx fzy fcx fcy }
{ fzx_next iter }
{ ftx fty }
us-counter-lsb { t1 }
X_MAX X_MIN v- { XDELTA }
Y_MAX Y_MIN v- { YDELTA }
YDELTA H n>v v/ { fystep }
XDELTA W n>v v/ { fxstep }
p 0= if
Y_MIN to fcy
else
Y_MIN fystep v+ to fcy
then
H p - p do
fcy fystep
dup v+
v+ to fcy
X_MIN to fcx
W 0 do
fcx fxstep v+ to fcx
0e0 dup to fzx to fzy
0 to iter
begin
fzx dup v* to ftx
fzy dup v* to fty
ftx fty v+ 4e0 v<= iter MAX_ITER < and
while
ftx fty v- fcx v+ to fzx_next
2e0 fzx v* fzy v* fcy v+ to fzy
fzx_next to fzx
iter 1+ to iter
repeat
iter i j storepix
loop
upd
2 +loop
p 0= if
1 done0 !
else
1 done1 !
then
done0 @ done1 @ and if
us-counter-lsb t1 - .
upd1
us-counter-lsb t1 - .
mypix8 destroy
then
;
: mand1 -2e0 .5e0 -1.15e0 1.15e0 0 mandel ;
: mand2 -2e0 .5e0 -1.15e0 1.15e0 1 mandel ;
\ : mand1 -0.75e0 .5e0 0e0 1.15e0 0 mandel ;
\ : mand2 -0.75e0 .5e0 0e0 1.15e0 1 mandel ;
\ : mand1 -0.375e0 .25e0 0.575e0 1.15e0 0 mandel ;
\ : mand2 -0.375e0 .25e0 0.575e0 1.15e0 1 mandel ;
: doit
0 done0 !
0 done1 !
initcolors
pix W H <pixmap8> mypix8 init-object
0 ['] mand1 1024 1024 1024 0 spawn-on-core
0 ['] mand2 1024 1024 1024 1 spawn-on-core
run
run ;
end-module
: m mand::doit ;
3 Likes